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High-fiber diet ameliorates gut microbiota, serum metabolism and emotional mood in type 2 diabetes patients.
Chen, L, Liu, B, Ren, L, Du, H, Fei, C, Qian, C, Li, B, Zhang, R, Liu, H, Li, Z, et al
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2023;13:1069954
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Accumulating studies have demonstrated that there are strong correlations between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gut microbiota. A nutritious diet composed of an adequate level of dietary fibres could provide enough carbohydrates for the gut microbiota to ferment, and the microbial metabolites could provide energy supply and regulate the immune function of the host. The aim of this study was to analyse the changes in gut microbiota, serum metabolism and emotional mood of patients with T2DM after consumption of a high-fibre diet. This study was a randomised, open-label, parallel-group clinical trial in T2DM patients with a 4-week treatment period. Seventeen patients clinically diagnosed with T2DM enrolled in the clinical trial and were randomly assigned into two groups: the control group (n = 8) or the intervention group (n = 9). Results showed that the high-fibre diet (compared to the control group): - improved glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism of participants with T2DM; - decreased serum levels of inflammatory chemokines in participants with T2DM; - alleviated depression and anxiety symptoms, particularly by the uptake of more diverse carbohydrates in the diet in participants with T2DM; - enhanced the diversity of gut microbiota in the treatment group. Authors conclude that the dietary source of fibre demonstrated protective impacts on the gut ecosystem, and the alteration of the gut microbiota composition improved the glucose homeostasis in patients with T2DM.
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often had the problems of fecal microbiota dysbiosis, and were usually accompanied with psychiatric comorbidities (such as depression and anxiety). Here, we conducted a randomized clinical study to analyze the changes in gut microbiota, serum metabolism and emotional mood of patients with T2DM after consumption of a high-fiber diet. The glucose homeostasis of participants with T2DM was improved by the high-fiber diet, and the serum metabolome, systemic inflammation and psychiatric comorbidities were also altered. The increased abundances of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Akkermansias revealed that the proportions of beneficial gut microbes were enriched by the high-fiber diet, while the abundances of Desulfovibrio, Klebsiella and other opportunistic pathogens were decreased. Therefore, the current study demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota alterations which were influenced by the high-fiber diet could improve the serum metabolism and emotional mood of patients with T2DM.
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Bacterial Metabolites of Human Gut Microbiota Correlating with Depression.
Averina, OV, Zorkina, YA, Yunes, RA, Kovtun, AS, Ushakova, VM, Morozova, AY, Kostyuk, GP, Danilenko, VN, Chekhonin, VP
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;21(23)
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Depression is multifactorial disease and it is the most common type of psychiatric disorder. Literature indicates that there are significant differences between the gut microbiota (GM) of patients with depression and healthy controls. The aim of this review was to examine (a) various low-molecular compounds as potential biomarkers of depression in correlation with the metabolism of the GM, and (b) ways to correct the microbiota imbalance. Results show that: - the use of the GM biomarkers, reflecting the neuromodulatory [the process by which nervous activity is regulated through classes of neurotransmitters], immunomodulatory [the process by which the body’s immune system is altered] and antioxidant statuses of the host organism, in the analysis of metagenomic [the study of a collection of genetic material (genomes) from a mixed community of organisms] data from patients with neuropsychiatric diseases, is gaining currency. - diet remains one of the most effective measures that can be taken to restore the microbial balance in the gut and alleviate the symptoms of depression. - a healthy diet during the depression therapy, along with the application of probiotics and psychobiotics, may potentially improve the course of the disease and contribute to the progress of treatment. Authors conclude that further progress in the practical understanding of the role of the GM in depression will greatly depend on correct planning of future metagenomic studies.
Abstract
Depression is a global threat to mental health that affects around 264 million people worldwide. Despite the considerable evolution in our understanding of the pathophysiology of depression, no reliable biomarkers that have contributed to objective diagnoses and clinical therapy currently exist. The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis induced scientists to study the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of depression. Over the last decade, many of studies were conducted in this field. The productions of metabolites and compounds with neuroactive and immunomodulatory properties among mechanisms such as the mediating effects of the GM on the brain, have been identified. This comprehensive review was focused on low molecular weight compounds implicated in depression as potential products of the GM. The other possible mechanisms of GM involvement in depression were presented, as well as changes in the composition of the microbiota of patients with depression. In conclusion, the therapeutic potential of functional foods and psychobiotics in relieving depression were considered. The described biomarkers associated with GM could potentially enhance the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders in clinical practice and represent a potential future diagnostic tool based on metagenomic technologies for assessing the development of depressive disorders.
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Diet-Gut Microbiota Interactions and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM).
Ponzo, V, Fedele, D, Goitre, I, Leone, F, Lezo, A, Monzeglio, C, Finocchiaro, C, Ghigo, E, Bo, S
Nutrients. 2019;11(2)
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an increasing public health concern that affects approximately 5-20% of pregnancies with rising prevalence. The potential impact of specific dietary interventions on the gut bacteria composition and function are of considerable interest to prevent and treat GDM. The aim of the study was to analyse the changes in the gut microbiota and the diet-microbiota interactions occurring during healthy pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by GDM. This study is a systemic review. Literature shows that pregnancies complicated with GDM may have an impaired gut microbiota, and this microbiota can be transmitted to the offspring. Diets can shape the gut microbiota, in fact dietary changes can rapidly change the gut microbiota. However, it generally reverts to the original status with short-term dietary modifications. Authors conclude that the optimal nutritional strategy in GDM patients remains unresolved. It is important that the potential benefits of diet are taken into consideration.
Abstract
Medical nutritional therapy is the first-line approach in managing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Diet is also a powerful modulator of the gut microbiota, whose impact on insulin resistance and the inflammatory response in the host are well known. Changes in the gut microbiota composition have been described in pregnancies either before the onset of GDM or after its diagnosis. The possible modulation of the gut microbiota by dietary interventions in pregnancy is a topic of emerging interest, in consideration of the potential effects on maternal and consequently neonatal health. To date, very few data from observational studies are available about the associations between diet and the gut microbiota in pregnancy complicated by GDM. In this review, we analyzed the available data and discussed the current knowledge about diet manipulation in order to shape the gut microbiota in pregnancy.
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Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension.
Li, J, Zhao, F, Wang, Y, Chen, J, Tao, J, Tian, G, Wu, S, Liu, W, Cui, Q, Geng, B, et al
Microbiome. 2017;5(1):14
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There have been limited studies linking gut microbes as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of hypertension(HTN) which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The aim of this study is to identify whether gut microbial changes leading to gut dysbiosis are associated with HTN. The study method was based on analyses of the total bacterial genetic material of stool samples from a cohort of 196 Chinese individuals. The results demonstrated that decreased diversity and variation in the gut bacterial population were associated with both prehypertension and HTN. Henceforth the authors concluded that status of gut microbiota seems to be directly linked indicating functional dysbiosis may contribute to HTN, but of course, further studies are needed before establishing a causal relationship.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the potential role of gut microbiome in metabolic diseases has been revealed, especially in cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases worldwide, yet whether gut microbiota dysbiosis participates in the development of hypertension remains largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we carried out comprehensive metagenomic and metabolomic analyses in a cohort of 41 healthy controls, 56 subjects with pre-hypertension, 99 individuals with primary hypertension, and performed fecal microbiota transplantation from patients to germ-free mice. RESULTS Compared to the healthy controls, we found dramatically decreased microbial richness and diversity, Prevotella-dominated gut enterotype, distinct metagenomic composition with reduced bacteria associated with healthy status and overgrowth of bacteria such as Prevotella and Klebsiella, and disease-linked microbial function in both pre-hypertensive and hypertensive populations. Unexpectedly, the microbiome characteristic in pre-hypertension group was quite similar to that in hypertension. The metabolism changes of host with pre-hypertension or hypertension were identified to be closely linked to gut microbiome dysbiosis. And a disease classifier based on microbiota and metabolites was constructed to discriminate pre-hypertensive and hypertensive individuals from controls accurately. Furthermore, by fecal transplantation from hypertensive human donors to germ-free mice, elevated blood pressure was observed to be transferrable through microbiota, and the direct influence of gut microbiota on blood pressure of the host was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results describe a novel causal role of aberrant gut microbiota in contributing to the pathogenesis of hypertension. And the significance of early intervention for pre-hypertension was emphasized.
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Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery of morbidly obese patients induces swift and persistent changes of the individual gut microbiota.
Palleja, A, Kashani, A, Allin, KH, Nielsen, T, Zhang, C, Li, Y, Brach, T, Liang, S, Feng, Q, Jørgensen, NB, et al
Genome medicine. 2016;8(1):67
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Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has been shown to cause quick and sustained weight loss, improvements to insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation. However, the mechanisms resulting in these improvements are poorly understood. This longitudinal study explored the short and long term impact of RYGB on gut microbial composition with 13 morbidly obese people. The gut microbiomes were measured before surgery, and three months and 12 months after. Gut microbiota were categorised by species and gene levels. The study found that gut microbiota diversity increased in the first three months after RYGB surgery and still remained high 12 months later. This was inline with metabolic improvements (such as fasting blood glucose). There was also a change in microbiota composition including an increased potential for use of micro and macro nutrients.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an effective means to achieve sustained weight loss for morbidly obese individuals. Besides rapid weight reduction, patients achieve major improvements of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been associated with obesity and some of its co-morbidities, like type 2 diabetes, and major changes of gut microbial communities have been hypothesized to mediate part of the beneficial metabolic effects observed after RYGB. Here we describe changes in gut microbial taxonomic composition and functional potential following RYGB. METHODS We recruited 13 morbidly obese patients who underwent RYGB, carefully phenotyped them, and had their gut microbiomes quantified before (n = 13) and 3 months (n = 12) and 12 months (n = 8) after RYGB. Following shotgun metagenomic sequencing of the fecal microbial DNA purified from stools, we characterized the gut microbial composition at species and gene levels followed by functional annotation. RESULTS In parallel with the weight loss and metabolic improvements, gut microbial diversity increased within the first 3 months after RYGB and remained high 1 year later. RYGB led to altered relative abundances of 31 species (P < 0.05, q < 0.15) within the first 3 months, including those of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella spp., Streptococcus spp., Alistipes spp., and Akkermansia muciniphila. Sixteen of these species maintained their altered relative abundances during the following 9 months. Interestingly, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was the only species that decreased in relative abundance. Fifty-three microbial functional modules increased their relative abundance between baseline and 3 months (P < 0.05, q < 0.17). These functional changes included increased potential (i) to assimilate multiple energy sources using transporters and phosphotransferase systems, (ii) to use aerobic respiration, (iii) to shift from protein degradation to putrefaction, and (iv) to use amino acids and fatty acids as energy sources. CONCLUSIONS Within 3 months after morbidly obese individuals had undergone RYGB, their gut microbiota featured an increased diversity, an altered composition, an increased potential for oxygen tolerance, and an increased potential for microbial utilization of macro- and micro-nutrients. These changes were maintained for the first year post-RYGB. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current controlled trials (ID NCT00810823 , NCT01579981 , and NCT01993511 ).
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The microbiome: A key regulator of stress and neuroinflammation.
Rea, K, Dinan, TG, Cryan, JF
Neurobiology of stress. 2016;4:23-33
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This study discusses the concept of intestinal microbiota as the key regulator involved in energy regulation, gut barrier function, protection from pathogens, and immune system function amongst others. The gut microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms that lives in the digestive tracts of humans. The main aim of this study is to summarise the role of gastrointestinal microbiota in fundamental physiological and pathophysiological processes and thereafter to understand and treat a range of stress and immune-related disorders. This review outlines the numerous complex relationships between gastrointestinal microbiota, stress and immune responses at the three critical stages of life The authors concluded that the evidence from this study suggests that resilience to stress and immune-related disorders and dysfunction of stress and immune systems may be dependent on the diversity and complexity of gastrointestinal microbiota. However, gut microbiota mediated relationship to stress and neuro-inflammation is still unconfirmed as previous studies mostly, have largely been, preclinical and further studies are warranted.
Abstract
There is a growing emphasis on the relationship between the complexity and diversity of the microorganisms that inhabit our gut (human gastrointestinal microbiota) and health/disease, including brain health and disorders of the central nervous system. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a dynamic matrix of tissues and organs including the brain, glands, gut, immune cells and gastrointestinal microbiota that communicate in a complex multidirectional manner to maintain homeostasis. Changes in this environment can lead to a broad spectrum of physiological and behavioural effects including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, and altered activity of neurotransmitter systems and immune function. While an appropriate, co-ordinated physiological response, such as an immune or stress response are necessary for survival, a dysfunctional response can be detrimental to the host contributing to the development of a number of CNS disorders. In this review, the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota in stress-mediated and immune-mediated modulation of neuroendocrine, immune and neurotransmitter systems and the consequential behaviour is considered. We also focus on the mechanisms by which commensal gut microbiota can regulate neuroinflammation and further aim to exploit our understanding of their role in stress-related disorders as a consequence of neuroinflammatory processes.